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Any artificial illumination completely may not replace need(requirement) of the person for natural light. the Important factor for good Health dwellings is his(its) degree insolyaci, ò. å. Time during which it may be shined ( covered ) by a direct sunlight. Modern Dwellings are projected so that even one of his(its) premises not less than three Hours per day might be covered by a sunlight.
Frequently at a general characteristic of a room we mark first of all a degree of his(its) natural light exposure: Good room " it first of all light, Well covered, and on the contrary: Bed " it is a room insufficiently, in our opinion, covered by a daylight. Almost always in a case The positive characteristic to an epithet Light it is added also Solar. Similar estimations Are based on psychological influence of a daylight on persons. The abundance of a natural sunlight in a room as though moves apart his(its) borders, approaches it(him) to a nature of a nature, lifts our tone, and lack of it(him), clearly, operates on us with opposite image. Whether however always we feel like comfortably in brightly covered, solar room? Whether also each of us? No, certainly. The Rooms focused by windows on the south, are considered as the best only In average and northern breadthes, in breadthes southern and close to equator solar rooms may turn simply in Hot if not to accept measures on their protection against solar beams. Besides not everyone love bright light in a room, including day time and solar. As a rule, bright light People with insufficient visual acuity or less sensitive to the raised(increased) temperatures of air prefer. Well and we have mentioned time the climatic features influencing our perception(recognition) of a daylight in a room, it is necessary to note those their features which are connected to low winter temperatures of external air and duration of the winter period. In the winter, as is known, in a nature it is less than natural light, and consequently, and light exposure of dwelling in the winter, it is especial in northern breadthes, it is less. On the other hand, to achieve the greater light exposure of dwelling in such edges(territories) by increase of the area external To glaze Rooms difficultly as it is fraught with the big losses of heat which at times cannot be prevented even the most reliable Deduction of heat windows. Therefore in country houses of old type, for example, windows were small.
The degree and character of natural light exposure of Rooms are influenced with their position (more precisely - position of their windows) concerning the parties(sides) of light and concerning a level of the ground. The most dark are the rooms leaving by windows to the north, or as them frequently name, " northern, the most light - southwest. The most uniform (absent-minded) illumination is reached(achieved) in northern rooms, and non-uniform and contrast " in east and western. The above from the ground there is a room, the it ñâåòëåå, and light in it(him) " is more contrast. Functionalities of Rooms depend on a degree and character of light exposure. To work more conveniently in a room where there is no sunlight and if and There is " that only morning, invigorating and contrast. To wake up and fall asleep more pleasantly at soft light, presence in the morning and evening of solar beams in a bedroom is undesirable. Nevertheless for creation of a healthy microclimate of her(it) follows long enough insoling within day. Children Physiologically much more adult require a daylight and consequently children's rooms should gravitate windows to the south. To have a rest more pleasantly in the rooms focused to the west, " the evening sun pacifies. We shall add to told, that gravitating to the north and the east of a room is colder, Than southern and western and consequently more the last are suitable for an active way of life, and also for auxiliary Rooms.
the General rule.
For an active way of life more Suitable light Rooms, for rest " dark. A rule.
For people with less durable organism (children, ill and aged) it is more preferable Light and solar rooms. Light exposure influences, as already was told above, on visual perception(recognition) of volume of a room. The light room seems is more spacious, rather than dark. Therefore at registration of its(her) interior use of dark both dim tones just for decoration and finishing materials of walls, a floor and a ceiling which will allow to counterbalance intensity of natural illumination is justified. A varnish for a parquet floor in such The room can choose Darkest, will look more advantageously dark with figure. Windows it is desirable completely To cover with curtains from an easy translucent fabric which will make illumination softer and absent-minded. Elements of a decor of an interior (figure Walls, a stucco moulding on ceilings, the invoice of a covering of a floor and furniture) look in well covered room more boldly - it is necessary to remember, if you want to emphasize them. Character of natural illumination has one more feature which is distinct from artificial: light from windows always falls under the certain corner from the top downward and consequently the room is always covered by a daylight Non-uniformly. The bottom parts of walls and a floor accept the big share of light, rather than top and a ceiling. It is especially appreciable on ground floors of a building. Therefore at any degree of light exposure of a room a daylight the ceiling should be Light a floor if you do not want that the first Went to you on a head.
In weak and non-uniformly covered rooms the negative effect of game of light and shadows amplifies, the volume of space is compressed and bent. In part to correct this position it is possible by skilful registration of an interior. Reflecting ability of walls, ceilings and in such Rooms should be higher than furniture, rather than in light. Carpets neither on walls, nor on a floor are not recommended, the ceiling should be ideally white, walls - only light and monophonic, it is desirable without a decor, and if and with a decor fine and conterminous on tone of figure with their background, the furniture - too light and is better - brilliant. The abundance of a glass and mirrors is not contra-indicated, but within limits .

the Massive furniture should stand further from a window. For window Curtains it is necessary to use a fabric with large cells, and for night curtains if in those there is a necessity, - not so dense. Decorative framing curtains for similar rooms - not the best decision as they reduce quantity(amount) of a daylight acting in a room, and are useless at night. If through a window the beautiful city or natural landscape is seen and you should not be afraid of curious sights from the next houses and also if binding of a frame of a window is beautiful also glass cloths large, possible to do without in general without day time Curtains, having left only night. Then the window from afar will remind a picture in a frame. At importunate and long presence of a sunlight at a room it is good Work vertical a venetian blind from synthetic fabrics: they protect from direct beams of the sun, disseminate light and to some extent allow to adjust light exposure and his(its) orientation that be very valuable, for example, if in a room it is necessary to work on the computer. However it is necessary to make the clause, that aesthetic value even the most beautiful a venetian blind remains in doubt. But about it we still shall talk.
Take on a note.
* Use of artificial light in the afternoon for amplification of light exposure of rooms, in what you work whenever possible try to avoid, " arising at mixture of two kinds of light of a semitone and patches of light tire sight.

Artificial illumination differs from day time in the lengths of waves of the spectrum and to the full may not replace under some light characteristics natural. As against a daylight which color is in the pure state neutral, " whether it be radiation of the heated strings of the electric lamps, luminous gas of luminescent lamps or burning match of a candle " this or that color colouring always is inherent in artificial light.
Incorrectly used artificial illumination in the greater degree, than natural, is negatively reflected in our sight. Insufficient illumination disseminates attention and causes weariness, superfluous " tires eyes. Older persons and people are especially sensitive to lacks of illumination with weak or defective sight (suffering illnesses of eyes) Children. Constant insufficient illumination of dwelling promotes development of short-sightedness at children and her(it) To development adults, worsens adaptable properties of sight.
Bright and plentiful illumination operates with an ingot excessively Irritating, may cause irritability, headaches, and in people with weak Sight " Pain in eyes, Tear and increase of eye pressure,
It is obvious, that it is necessary for artificial illumination to pay due attention at arrangement of dwelling. Main principles, with which Tear to be guided thus, are made in the following positions:
* Brightness of light should be sufficient;
* Light should be in regular intervals distributed(allocated) on illuminated object (to a room, a functional zone);
* The light source should not blind an eye;
* Illumination should be absent-minded and not create deep shadows;
* Light should not be Shivering.
Sufficiency of illumination can be checked up in the simple image " an opportunity without a pressure(voltage) of sight to read at it(him) the book, sitting on a chair or in Low armchair. If you will have desire to move the book more close to a light source " illumination insufficient. Superfluous brightness to define with the help of a usual white sheet of a paper on which it is necessary to draw white Swept a circle. If the circle will be well distinct, but Thus illumination sufficient if will shine " will not shine " think of reduction of capacity of a light source. It is possible to take advantage and the theoretical data checked up by scientific researches and based on a parity(ratio) of quantity(amount) and Capacities of light sources and the areas of a floor of an illuminated room.
That light sources (lamps) did not blind an eye, it is necessary:
* To select their capacity, taking into account protective properties of plafonds of fixtures: the plafonds passing light, should îðèãëóøàòü it(him) and disseminate Light stream;
* To select their sizes according to the sizes of plafonds of fixtures: lamps should not support edge(territory) of plafonds;
* To place them so that direct light from them did not get in eyes: fixtures for reading, for example, should be sideways in behind from reading or above his(its) head, lamps in plafonds of fixtures should not be visible from height of human growth and Below (in position sitting or laying in a zone of rest, for example).
That deep shadows were not created, it is necessary to place the fixture whenever possible further from illuminated subjects, and at inexpediency of it (we shall tell, the lamp blinds eyes), bett to use two fixtures instead of one or One with two lamps.
Is inadmissible to use for illumination (especially workplaces) the defective lamps radiating îäðîæàùèé or blinking light (that is especially typical of luminescent lamps). Such light is very tiresome for sight. Sometimes îäðîæàòåëüíûé the effect arises, for example, in not enough steady desktop fixtures, owing to perception(recognition) them of imperceptible fluctuations of a table at work on it(him), or in easy pendant fixtures with long îäâåñîì, as a result of oscillatory movements of warm and cold streams of air. As carried out functions artificial illumination may be general, local and decorative.
The general illumination is made, as a rule, by one light source which is taking place in the centre of a room and as it is possible above above a level of a floor. For The general illumination are used îòîëî÷íûå and pendant fixtures which version are lusters; on occassion - íàñòåííûå fixtures of reflex type or a little The fixtures dispersed in different places of a room. One of the main lacks general Illumination the excessive absent-mindedness of light and a unchangeable direction of the basic light stream is. Local illumination is intended for illumination of the certain site of a room or any subject, an element of an interior. Advantage of local illumination before general is, that it allows to adapt a light stream for realization by the person of functions in a place of a room convenient for it. Continuation of the given advantage is the basic lack of local illumination: contrast and significant òåíåîáðàçîâàíèå. The spectrum of types of the lighting devices used for local illumination of premises, covers practically full listed products, let out for this purpose the industry. The basic purpose of decorative illumination - creation of special light effects or giving to an interior special a color tonality. Such Illumination is used basically as addition to general, but may and incur his(its) functions completely. Fixtures are rather specific to decorative illumination on a design and the form. Elementary of them represent light sources of the certain color " lamps with color flasks, for example, or fixtures with color plafonds. Functionally decorative illumination is especially justified at his(its) use in quality Night.
the Important rule.
At a choice such as illumination proceed first of all from his(its) functional purpose(assignment), instead of from Aesthetic reasons. Except for three described functions carrying practical character, artificial illumination has still One which always should be meant at his(its) formation: it creates the certain psychological atmosphere in a room. Is important not only correct to illuminate a room but also to create in it(him) a correct atmosphere " such which salutarily influences your mood, favours to rest, to hobbies and work, say, corresponds(meets) to your physical and psychological condition at the certain moment and in the certain place of your stay of a house. Is uneasy to characterize, that such a correct atmosphere of illumination, " she(it) is felt at a subconscious level of an individual and each of them differently. In general, the correct atmosphere of illumination " is an atmosphere which gives sensation of comfort of illumination in the certain domestic situation. Supper at light worth on a table ñâå÷åé, for example, or at light of source of electric light close located to a table occurs to mood of a certain solemnity, rest, complacency, with the big appetite and has to the greater friendliness to messmates. The slow and free conversation flows more easy at warm twilight of a room) created by the fixture with a dark plafond.
Bright light of a luster will force the visitors who have gathered in a room to be more sociable and is more cheerful, and light of a floor lamp or a sconce in a corner of a room will hint at intimate character of a party. Light of a luminescent lamp, hanging it is high on one room from walls, íàâååò boredom and sensation of discomfort, and the deep shadows created by light of the low floor fixture, will cause sensation of anxiety and desire something to do(make). Light from a red plafond will warm, from green - to calm, and at dark blue light becomes more cool in the stuffy summer evening. Skilful and rational use of various kinds of illumination - an indispensable condition modern âûñîêîôóíêöèîíàëüíîãî dwellings.

the Modern light engineering offers for illumination of dwelling, besides traditional lamps , lamps some other principle of action - galogen and discharge (luminescent) lamps. Especial popularity recently use galogen lamps . In them the same is used, as in usual lamps , a principle of action - radiation of the heated metal string in the certain environment, but this Wednesday and the difference between both types of lamps consists. In a usual lamp the string is in a flask from which air is pumped out, and in ãàëîãåííîé to a lamp the flask is filled with inert gas with addition of halogens (the substances forming at connection with metals of salt, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine etc.) Or their connections providing slowed down evaporation of a body of heat. Ãàëîãåííûå lamps give big, rather than a lamp , light feedback, transfer color better and serve longer. At identical capacity of light, èçëó÷àåìîãî both compared types of lamps, ãàëîãåííûõ lamps it is less than flask, that allows to create fixtures of the smaller size at the big variety of their forms and a special-purpose designation.
Lamps all kinds radiate warm, pleasant light for an eye, emphasize red colors of an interior, give to illumination intimate character. However they do not give a diffused light, allocate a lot of heat and consume a lot of electric power. Luminescent lamps have high Feedback of light (in 2 " 4 times above, than usual lamps ) and low Radiation, in regular intervals Disseminate light which spectrum is close to day time and it is well perceived by a human eye. They are much more economic than lamps and serve longer them (a competition on this parameter him(it) may make Only galogen lamps). In a life they began to find wide application after the lighting industry has found technical opportunities for reduction of their traditionally big and clumsy sizes. The main lack of luminescent lamps is inadequate to the validity color. Light of lamps of a white luminescence gives to an interior Rooms Separated, a deathly pale tonality, especially inappropriate for premises, considerably deforms colors of red shades and color of a human leather . At light of white luminescent lamps, for example, it is not necessary to look through color telecasts - the colour perception about a picture will be deformed. Lamps of a yellow luminescence radiate warmer light, but them colors also leaves to wish the best. Luminescent lamps are functional for work as practically do not give patches of light and deep shadows.
At a skilful combination of their light to light of lamps it is possible to achieve interesting and pleasant illumination of a room to emphasize features and expressiveness of his(its) interior. Luminescent fixtures for selective illumination of an interior are especially good.